ethnicity and crime statistics uk 2020

The Authority considers whether the statistics meet the highest standards of Code compliance, including the value they add to public decisions and debate. Across the past 5 years, possession of a Class B drug (cannabis) was consistently the most common drug offence for all ethnic groups, accounting for 31% of all drug offences in 2020. Published by D. Clark , Feb 10, 2022. Figure 7.07: Proven reoffending rate by ethnicity for children, annual averages (2014/15 to 2018/19), England and Wales. The Chinese or Other ethnic group had the highest number of defendants remanded in custody, at 62%, whereas the White ethnic group had the lowest number of defendants remanded in custody, at 42%. The largest proportionate decrease was seen in the White and Black ethnic groups (-18% and -17% respectively). , Statistical significance between groups over the time series is represented with a *, This section reports on three years of combined data, 2017/18 to 2019/20. Give detailed and full explanations as to why the revisions were necessary. From 2016 to 2019, the guilty plea rate remained relatively stable at between 88% and 89%. There was a greater number of male than female homicide victims in all ethnic groups. Over the last 5 years, the proportion of arrests in London and across England and Wales have remained relatively stable by ethnic group. It is the Ministry of Justices responsibility to maintain compliance with the standards expected for National Statistics. This may partly reflect the different distributions of ethnic groups in the population in different locations, as London is more ethnically diverse than England and Wales as a whole. Although we explore differences between ethnic groups, it is important that inferences are not made about individuals from group-level data as we consider averaged outcomes that do not take into consideration the individual circumstances which differ in each case. Drug offences vary both in nature and severity. Data Access and Compliance Unit. Where figures have been published, links are provided as part of the text and tables. Government data about the UK's different ethnic groups. Section 95 of the Criminal Justice Act 1991 states that: The Secretary of State shall in each year publish such information as they consider expedient for the purpose of facilitating the performance of those engaged in the administration of justice to avoid discriminating against any persons on the ground of race or sex or any other improper ground. These research outputs are not official statistics. Receipt of subsequent information which alters our understanding of previous periods (for example late recording on one of the administrative IT systems used operationally). , Data is self-declared from HR records, as at 31 December 2020. Asian and mixed‐race people are also over‐represented in the prison population; yet white people who represent 88.3% of the population only make up 73.8% of the prison population. Fast Forward to the 21st century, and the criminological debate about race and crime now centred on the involvement of Black young people in street gangs. Figure 6.01: Number and proportion of prisoners in England and Wales, 2016 to 2020, by ethnicity, Figure 6.02: Proportion of prisoners by ethnicity and age group, England and Wales, 30th June, 2020. The proportion of White, Black and Asian offenders that received an oral parole hearing in the year ending March 2021 remained relatively stable with a range of 54-57% receiving a release result, 11-12% remain in open prison estate, and 30-35% refusal of release. This varied by ethnic group; in 2020, 81% of White offenders who were remanded in custody went on to receive an immediate custodial sentence, compared to 79% of Asian offenders and 70% of Black offenders . In 2020, children from the Black ethnic group had a higher proportion of defendants remanded in custody at Crown Court, at 55%, compared to children from the White ethnic group (45%). Because of this, the statistics presented in this report cannot present the typical experience of a person of a particular ethnic group, but it can highlight areas where further investigation or research may be warranted when looking at differences between ethnic groups. Under the Criminal Justice Act 1991, section 95, the government collects annual statistics based on race and crime. Figure 4.02: Distribution of stop and searches in London and England and Wales, by ethnicity, 2020/21. the young, the poor and ethnic minorities) show up more often in these statistics. These proportions have remained relatively stable over the last 5-year period. It offers insights into the experience of victims which other sources of data, such as police records, may not capture[footnote 9]. Due to the small population of children sentenced to immediate custody from Asian, Mixed and Chinese or Other ethnic groups trends should be viewed with caution. Publish a time-series of revisions due to errors in our statistical processes and procedures so we can monitor the quality of our outputs. The most common sentence given for indictable offences across all ethnic groups was immediate custody, accounting for 35% of all offenders sentenced in 2020 (where ethnicity is known). The proportion of suspects stopped and searched remained relatively stable across most ethnic groups, with a decrease from 21% to 17% for the Black ethnic group. , Pupils at the end of Key Stage 4 are typically aged 15 and 16; please see A Technical Guide to Statistics on Ethnicity and the Criminal Justice System, 2020 for further details. When ethnicity is self-reported, it is based on five broad categories: White, Black, Asian, Mixed and Chinese or Other. A higher proportion of prisoners from ethnic minority groups reported experiencing a type of bullying/victimisation from staff in the prisons, at 46% for Black and Mixed prisoners, 44% for Asian, and 43% for prisoners of Other ethnic groups, compared to 30% of White prisoners. This was largely consistent across all disposal types and all three measures of attainment; however, caution should be taken when breaking down proportion achieving 5 or more GCSEs A*-C by disposal type due to the small population[footnote 72]. Similar to trends in adults, children from the Asian ethnic group (3%) were significantly less likely to be victim of personal crime than those from the White ethnic group (7%). The proportion of Black young offenders eligible for FSM (72%) sentenced to more than 12 months in custody was significantly higher than the proportion for White young offenders (62%). Crime rate in England and Wales 2021/22, by police force area . Asian prisoners, on average, served the smallest proportion of their original sentence, serving 58% of their determinate sentence in custody in 2020; a trend that has remained stable since 2016. The proportion of stop and searches conducted on White suspects decreased from 75% in 2014/15 to 59% in 2018/19 and increased for all minority ethnic groups. Guilty plea rate (GPR) has increased across all ethnic groups across the past 5 years, showing a sharp rise since 2018. The custody rate for White children was consistently lower than for Black children (by 3 to 5 percentage points, pp) between 2016 and 2020. CJS_Statistics@justice.gov.uk. The arrest rate for all ethnic groups decreased over this period, each within the range of 4 percentage points (pp) in 2020/21 (10 to 14%). That compares to a 1 in 323.9 chance statewide. These data tables, which use the standard National Statistics harmonised ethnicity classification (based on the 2011 Census), are published annually and the latest release is available on the ONS website . This chapter provides statistics relating to offenders in custody or under supervision in the community. Dont worry we wont send you spam or share your email address with anyone. This is a key statistics relevant to the A-level Sociology crime and deviance module. This was a higher proportion than any other ethnic group, for example, only 10% of arrests of White suspects were for drug offences. The most frequent method of killing in homicides with Asian victims was Strangulation (38%), closely followed by sharp instrument (35%). That's 327.21% higher than the national rate of 387.8 per 100,000 people. Well send you a link to a feedback form. ACSL for possession of weapons offences decreased between 2016 and 2020 for all ethnic groups except Mixed, decreasing the largest for Asian and Black offenders. High levels of missing ethnicity data would be of concern, both in terms of sample sizes and the risk of systematic bias. Overall, 81% of defendants who were remanded in custody at Crown Court for drug offences went on to receive an immediate custodial sentence. This goes against the trend from 2016 where the numbers of prosecutions had been rising each year for all ethnic groups except Black. During this three-year period, 38% of Black homicide victims were of age 20 or younger; 13% of White, 24% of Asian and 33% of Other ethnicity homicide victims were in this age group. The relationship between race and crime in the United Kingdom is the subject of academic studies, government surveys, media coverage, and public concern. Educational attainment of all young offenders was lowest for the White ethnic group and highest for the Other ethnic group. Generally, we discuss the broad categories individually, to reflect their different experiences, but given the much greater numbers of White individuals in the population it is sometimes necessary or appropriate to consider the minority ethnic groups together. The proportions across ethnic groups have remained relatively stable in the past 5 years. The identification of differences should not be taken as evidence of bias or as direct effects of ethnicity. Reasons for searches that resulted in arrest[footnote 28]. Where there are multiple suspects if any conviction information is available the suspect with the longest sentence or most severe conviction is determined to be the principal suspect. The Asian ethnic group (2%) were significantly less likely than the White ethnic group (4%) to be victims of a personal crime, whilst the Mixed ethnic group (7%) were significantly more likely. This publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. Recommendations can also be made for a prisoner to remain in the open prison estate. See police activity chapter for more information on stop and searches. theories are . Location: England and Wales. Lower GPRs of defendants from minority ethnic groups will likely be related to the higher proportion deciding to elect to be tried by a jury at Crown Court. Ethnicity 9 2.2 Arrests 9 2.3 Transferred or cancelled records 12 Outcomes 12 2.4 Trends over time 13 2.5 Police Force Areas (PFA) 15 2.6 London 17 Will McMahon and Rebecca Robert , There is only ever one principal suspect per homicide victim. pleasant grove high school / staff directory; dr omar suleiman wife esraa; ontario road trip summer; song baseball apple; waltham athletic club tennis schedule; ethnicity and crime statistics uk 2020. This includes putting more information in the public domain with ethnicity breakdowns, the use of the Relative Rate Indexes[footnote 6] where appropriate and a focus on outcomes for children distinct form the adult population. When offence mix was controlled for, a decrease in ACSL was seen for all ethnic groups, closer to that of the White ethnic group. The largest difference was observed in the Black ethnic group, which saw a 3 percentage point difference between custody rate and controlled custody rate, at 33% and 36% respectively. , As a survey that asks people whether they have experience as a victim of crime, the CSEW does not cover homicides or crimes where there is no direct victim, such as possession of drugs or motoring offenses. This section looks at the proportion of determinate[footnote 50] sentence served[footnote 51]. This section focuses on the following high-volume indictable drug offences: This contrasts with the proportion of pupils in the overall population where 14% are eligible for FSM. The Probation Service supervises offenders living in the community under a court order[footnote 57], including those starting supervision as a result of a community or suspended sentence and those who have been released from prison on licence. 1 Because of rounding, the percentages may not add to 100.0.; 2 The ethnicity totals are representative of those agencies that provided ethnicity breakdowns. Racism and ethnicity are one of the social evils that pose a big danger to the society. The equivalent proportion for White defendants was 27%. The following offence groups will be of particular focus: As noted in the introduction, comparisons across ethnic groups do not account for previous offending history, detailed offence mix and other offender characteristics and that should be considered when interpreting results in this section. In 2020, 40% of White defendants were remanded in custody compared to 51% of Chinese or Other and 49% of Black defendants. The ethnicity of prisoners varied across age groups, with a higher proportion of younger prisoners being from minority ethnic groups (53% of under 18-year olds). Other young offenders had the lowest proportion recorded as persistently absent at 66%. As outlined in the defendants chapter, drug offences accounted for the highest proportion of convictions within each ethnic group except for White offenders. Large figures are generally presented rounded to the nearest thousand, and percentages to the nearest percentage point in the text. Will McMahon and Rebecca Roberts consider ethnicity, harm and crime. , Excludes declarations of prefer not to say. The CSEW is a large nationally representative survey that asks people about their experience as a victim of a crime in the previous 12 months. Caution should be taken when considering the ethnic breakdown of senior staff because the number of individuals represented is small and changing a single case could have a noticeable effect. , Senior roles are as follows: CPS - Senior Legal Manager and Senior Civil Servant; MoJ Senior Civil Servant; HMPPS - Senior Civil Servant; Police - Chief Inspector, Superintendent, Chief Superintendent, and Chief Officers; Judiciary High Court Judges, Heads of Division and Lord Justices of Appeal. The ethnic group question from the 2001 Census. Data sources to which this applies include Crime Survey for England and Wales. The latest figures on Police Stop and Search show that black people are now nine times more likely than white people to be stopped and searched by the police.. Violent Crimes / 100k People. 9% of White people aged 75 and over feared crime, compared with 27% of Asian people in the same age group. Data on prosecutions and convictions by ethnicity is collected by the Home Office and published by the Ministry of Justice. In 2020, Asian offenders had the longest ACSL for drug offences, at 46.2 months, the Chinese or Other group had the shortest (31.8 months), while all other ethnic groups ranged from 38.0 to 39.8 months. Although it is impossible to make it perfectly consistent, this will reduce the differences in types of offending and enable a more comparable comparison across groups. , Data are self-declared from HR records, as at 31 March 2020; not including figures from HMPPS. 11/1/2022 10/1/2022 11/1/2021. Figure 1.01: Ethnicity proportions for adults throughout the criminal justice system, 2020. Drug offences accounted for 21% of all prosecutions and 22% of all convictions for all indictable offences in 2020. In 2019/20, an estimated 6% of children were a victim of a personal crime once or more, based on findings from the CSEW. In the latest year, the Other ethnicity for children had the highest average number of reoffences per reoffender at 4.5, followed by White (4.1), Black (3.5), and Asian (3.4) average number of reoffences. Arrests declined 21% and 22%, respectively, for White and Black adult suspects, a higher rate than other ethnic groups. , Data for stop and searches is published by Home Office in Stop and search open data tables, Stop and searches under s60 Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 accounted for approximately 1% of all stop and searches (s1 and s60) in the latest year. These data can be found in our Crime in England and Wales: year ending September 2020 release. This overall trend is influenced by the higher number of stop and searches carried out in London, where stop and search arrests accounted for 26% of total arrests, which has increased from 17% in 2016/17. Having a SEN statement may indicate a higher level of need. The ACSL for possession of weapon offences fell between 2016 and 2020 across all ethnic groups, except for the Mixed ethnic group . , A long criminal history is defined as 15 or more previous cautions or convictions. Proportions of defendants prosecuted for production, supply and intent to supply varied by year, with Black, Asian and Mixed defendants accounting for the highest proportions of defendants for Class A drugs (each 30% in 2020), while the Chinese or Other ethnic group accounted for t Her Majestys Prison and Probation Service (HMPPS): Between 2017 and 2021, the proportion of White HMPPS staff (excluding National Probation Service) has decreased, from 92.6% to 90.3%, due to an increase in the proportion of staff from Black (1 pp), Asian and Mixed (0.7 pp) backgrounds[footnote 96]. This trend varied by ethnic group and reduction in the number of arrests was more pronounced for White (-35%) and Black (-33%) children. overall, men were 6 times as likely to . Therefore, users should be careful when comparing cohort 2015/16 and earlier to subsequent annual figures. Of all offenders sentenced in 2020, the most common outcome was a fine, at 38%. As shown in figure 5.03, the Chinese or Other and Black ethnic groups were more likely to be remanded in custody at Crown Court in 2020, at 51% and 49% respectively. In 2020, where ethnicity was known, the number of requirements started under community orders fell to 72,400[footnote 58]; a decrease of 33% since 2018. , Due to a change in the data collection framework in 2021, officers who identify as Chinese are now counted under the Asian ethnic group, in line with the 2011 ONS Census classifications. A copy of this statement can be found at: http://www.justice.gov.uk/downloads/statistics/mojstats/statistics-revisions-policy.pdf. ACSL for possession of weapons offences decreased, between 2016 and 2020, for all ethnic groups except Mixed, decreasing the largest for Asian and Black offenders. However, for White suspects, the proportion of arrests for drug offences (10%), was exceeded by the proportion of arrests for theft offences (14%). Where differences are not referred to as being statistically significant these are either not statistically significantly different, or differences have not been tested. If we become concerned about whether these statistics are still meeting the appropriate standards, we will discuss any concerns with the Authority promptly. In 2020, of the defendants prosecuted, 76% were White, 12% were Black, 7% were Asian, 4% were of Mixed ethnicity groups, and 2% were Chinese or Other ethnic groups. Since 2015/16, there has been a statistically significant decrease in children reporting experience as a victim of a personal crime (down 49%). The latest release is ' Statistics on Race and the Criminal Justice System 2020 '. statistics. Sharp and Budd (2005) pointed out that the O ffending, Crime and Justice survey of 2003, conducted . Limitations of Current Statistical Information The police in all States and Terri-tories are a major source of crime statistics, but these statistics refer only to crimes reported to and/or detected by police. This chapter looks at particular indictable offences to investigate the relationship between ethnicity and court outcomes. The proportion of Black and Asian young offenders, sentenced to custody, achieving any pass at GCSE or 5 GCSEs A*-G was significantly higher than the proportion of White young offenders. It covers statistics on stop and searches and arrests, which are published by the Home Office in the Police powers and procedures: Stop and search and arrests, England and Wales, year ending 31 March 2021[footnote 20]. Of offenders receiving either type of order, 84% were White, 6% Black, 5% Asian, 3% Mixed ethnic groups and 1% Chinese or Other ethnic groups. , Self-declared from HR records reported table 3_5_JO_Magistrates Judicial Diversity Statistics, 2021 publication, the quoted figure covers all court judges; Judicial Diversity Statistics 2017. The proportion of White victims decreased by 7 percentage points (pp) since the previous three-year period (2014/15 to 2016/17), with corresponding increases in the proportions of victims from Black (up 3pp), Asian (up 2pp), and Other (up 2pp) ethnic groups. , See technical guide for information on the use of section 136 of the Mental Health Act (1983). In certain instances, data has been used for years that are not impacted by restrictions but in place in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Figure 7.02: Average custodial sentence lengths (ACSL) for indictable offences, by sex and ethnicity, England and Wales, 2020, Figure 7.03: Age of defendant proceeded against at court for indictable offences by ethnicity, England and Wales, 2020. In relation to crime and deviance, sociologists are interested in the apparently significant differential incidence of criminality and victimhood among the various ethnicities. This trend has fluctuated across recent years, with the Mixed ethnic group having the highest ACSL in 2019 (at 71.4 months), and the Chinese or Other group having the lowest (at 46.7 months). Judiciary: The proportion of White judges has fallen by 1.9 pp, between 2017 and 2021, driven mainly by an increase in the proportion of practitioners from Asian (1.5 pp) and Mixed (0.6 pp) ethnic groups[footnote 97]. Our policy in handling revisions is to be transparent with users about: How and when to expect revisions as part of our standard processes. In accordance with Principle 2 of the Code of Practice for Official Statistics, the Ministry of Justice is required to publish transparent guidance on its policy for revisions. Victims were able to identify the race or ethnicity of their assailants in 86% of violent crimes. Main facts and figures. 11/1/2011 10/1/2011 11/1/2010. This method accounted for 69% of homicides with Black victims, but only 35% of those with White victims. The ACSL for possession of weapons offences fell by 41%, between 2016 and 2020, for Asian offenders and 23% Black offenders. The trend is the reverse for pre-charge advice at police stations, where 82% of Asian defendants received pre-charge advice compared to 74% of White defendants. Some Sociologists have suggested that cultural differences, especially differences in family life, may be responsible for underlying differences in offending between ethnic groups. The total number of arrests have gone down over the last five years, in line with the declining crime rates. Unrounded figures can be found in the accompanying spreadsheet tables and published source data. In 2020/21, 43% of all stop and searches (where ethnicity is known) were conducted in London and involved higher proportions of persons searched from minority ethnic groups when compared to the rest of England and Wales (Figure 4.02). * Possession (Class A) Across all ethnic groups, the majority of defendants dealt with at Crown Court are represented at their first hearing, ranging from 91% to 94% across ethnic groups in 2020. It is important to note when looking at more detailed offences that the Chinese or Other ethnic group accounted for only 2% of all prosecutions and convictions in 2020, therefore small changes in offending can lead to artificially high apparent increases/decreases in associated rates and percentages. The reoffending rate was highest for children across all ethnic groups compared to adults. A larger proportion of White defendants (24%) received representation at magistrates court compared to all other ethnic groups, with the lowest proportion at 16% for Asian defendants. Figure 3.01: Percentage of adults who reported as victims of a CSEW personal crime by ethnic group, England and Wales 2015/16 and 2019/20[footnote 12]. In 2020, of the defendants prosecuted, 76% were White, 12% were Black, 7% were Asian, 4% were of Mixed ethnicity groups, and 2% were Chinese or Other ethnic groups. Figure 4.01: Numbers of stop and searches by ethnicity, England and Wales, 2016/17 to 2020/21, Comparisons between London and the rest of England and Wales. Black and Other ethnicity suspects had the highest proportion of stop and searches where nothing was found (both 76%), followed by Asian suspects (74%). Within ethnic groups, Black defendants had the largest proportion of prosecutions for this offence in each of the past 5 years. , Overall pupil population referring to cohort 2014/15. A 21% decrease was seen in requirements started under suspended sentence orders. These provide criminologists, the police and the media with two types of data. It is important to note that for the majority of the report, no controls have been applied for other characteristics of ethnic groups (such as average income, geography, offence mix or offender history), so it is not possible to determine what proportion of differences identified in this report are directly attributable to ethnicity. , Children includes individuals aged up to 17 and adults includes individuals aged 18 and over. The proportion of offender reoffending by age was highest for those aged 18 to 20 for Black, Asian and Other offenders. The location in which a homicide was committed showed marked differences between ethnic groups. The greatest difference was observed in the Asian ethnic group, where controlling for offence mix resulted in a 19% decrease in ACSL, from 28.6 to 23.1 months. These research outputs are not official statistics on the population. Similarly, for children, a higher proportion of child offenders in the Asian and Chinese or Other ethnic groups were first time offenders. The largest proportionate change was seen in prosecutions of White defendants, decreasing from 79% of all prosecutions to 76% (resulting in a 1% proportionate increase across all ethnic minority groups). It is the first time the national statistics agency has broken down homicide rates by ethnicity. Where there are differences between groups that are statistically significant this will be stated. The following analysis cannot be used to make conclusions about the overall pupil population that have the characteristics described as the matched dataset is of offenders only[footnote 71]. But, initially, a central strand in this debate concerned whether street gangs actually existed at all. In the latest year, suspicion of drugs and offensive weapons were the two most common reasons for stops across all ethnic groups. The largest change in the proportion of staff was a 1.2 pp increase in the Asian ethnic group[footnote 93]. A sharp instrument was the most frequent apparent method of killing across most ethnic groups, accounting for 40% of all homicides in the period between 2017/18 and 2019/20. Almost three quarters (1,405 or 72%) of all homicide victims (where ethnicity was known) over the three-year period were from the White ethnic group. , Crime higher concerns legal representation in the Crown Court and above. Over the last 5 years, the proportion of children arrested in London from White ethnic groups has decreased from 38% to 34%, with corresponding marginal increases in arrests of children from across minority ethnic groups. Please send any comments to: datausers@justice.gov.uk. The parole board carry out risk assessments on prisoners to determine whether they can be safely released into the community. This chapter looks at the interaction between ethnicity, sex, age, offending history, and reoffending throughout the Criminal Justice System[footnote 62]. Similarly, a higher proportion of Black young offenders (83%) had been recorded as being suspended, compared to White (79%), Asian (74%) and Other (74%) offenders[footnote 80]. So 61% of the population is committing 58% of the violent crimes, so the math lines up. Asian offenders had a longer ACSL for drug offences compared to all other ethnic groups, which ranged from 31.8 to 39.8 months. The violent crime rate in Cleveland is 1,656.7 per 100,000 people. RRI analysis showed that White defendants were more likely than all other ethnic groups to plead guilty at Crown Court. Figure 7.06: Adult reoffending rate by age group and ethnicity, April 2018 to March 2019 offender cohort, England and Wales. ACSL decreased the most for Asian offenders (decreasing 41%) and Black offenders (decreasing 23%) over the last 5 years. White prisoners reported more positive relationships with staff, with 80% reporting feeling that they were treated with respect by staff, in comparison to 63% of prisoners from Mixed ethnic groups. Of those who received a suspended sentence order, higher proportions of White and Mixed ethnicity offenders received rehabilitation requirements[footnote 60], whereas higher proportions of Black, Asian and Chinese or Other ethnicity offenders received unpaid work requirements. On the basis of self-report studies, Graham and Bowling (1995) concluded that people from certain ethnic backgrounds like Black (43%) and White (44%) had similar crime rates, whereas others like Asians had comparatively lower crime rates - Indians (30%), Pakistanis (28%), and Bangladeshis (13%). In the rest of England and Wales, stop and search arrests accounted for 8% of total arrests, increasing from 4% in 2016/17. he highest proportion for Class B drugs (28% in 2020). RRI analysis shows that defendants from Mixed and Chinese or Other ethnic groups were not significantly more or less likely to be sentenced to immediate custody compared to White defendants, and Black and Asian defendants were 6% and 4% less likely to be sentenced to immediate custody in comparison with White defendants respectively. You have a 1 in 60.4 chance of being the victim of a violent crime in Cleveland each year. Crime rates with 27 % social evils that pose a big danger to the nearest percentage point the! 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