These agents were assigned to Indian reserves and bands and attempted to act as a liaison between the Government and First Nation communities. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Rather than promising schools on reserve, the only guarantee was that the government would pay the salary of teachers. John A. Macdonald did not want to go to war with the First Nations as the Americans were in the south to attain lands. [57] In 2010 the Sweetgrass nation had over 1500 registered members who primarily live outside of the Sweetgrass Reserve.[55]. Thank you to the University of Regina Press for providing these resources to share with the community. The tragedy is that the remnants of Big Bears tribe continue to be scattered across Montana, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. Website Design by M.R. Battlefords Agency Tribal Chiefs Website Design by M.R. Newcomers would receive a peaceful co-existence with First Nations people, access to lands for settlement, farming, railways, and future industrial development. [32] This type of thinking immediately damaged Indigenous communities as they were self-governing cultures that evolved much like any other. To address the concern over loss of traditional food sources, a promise of rations during times of pestilence and famine was added. British Columbia joined confederation in 1871 and was promised a railway to connect them to eastern Canada. The negotiations began at a traditional camping area the Crees called pehonanik or the waiting place, located a mile and half from the Fort (Stonechild and Waiser 12). He was succeeded by his son, Apseenes (Young Sweet Grass); he was unable to hold the band together, which began to splinter. Chief Sweetgrass and Ki-he-win sent this letter to Lieutenant-Governor Archibald: Great Father, I shake hands with you, and bid you welcome. While the convention was initially held to modify the existing Articles of Confederation, the eventual consensus was the drafting of a new constitution. The next day, well armed Peigans entered the battle and defeated the Cree, approximately 200-400 Crees died in the battle. Sweetgrass First Nation -- Web Design by M.R. This made the Plains Cree very nervous and they confronted the surveyors and warned them to stop what they were doing because the government had not met with them to discuss their concerns. Big Bear stands tall in the memory of the Cree Nation as a proud and truly visionary leader who fought against the forces of Canadian colonialism and ultimately suffered for his Nation. In another significant difference from Treaty 6, Treaty 7 states that the Crown would pay for teachers salaries instead of the maintenance of school buildings. Treaty 6 peoples have also protected their treaty rights through land claims and lawsuits. [15] However, this almighty creator appeared to individuals through various sprits such as the bear and horse. [55] Young Sweet Grass would eventually become chief and would name the new group the Sweetgrass First Nation in honour of his father. Indigenous people were forced to choose between living on reserves, receiving a fixed amount of money every year for the rest of their lives and trying to assimilate and lose their status. Indigenous peoples are subject to the same tax rules as any other resident in Canada unless their income is eligible for the tax exemption under section 87 of the Indian Act. Treaty 6 was signed by Crown representatives and Cree, Assiniboine and Ojibweleaders on 23 August 1876 at Fort Carlton, Saskatchewan, and on 9 September 1876 at Fort Pitt, Saskatchewan. Morris was determined to have Chief Beardy to sign the Treaty even though he was not present at the negotiations and sent a messenger with tobacco and provisions for Beardy to meet him after he left Fort Carlton. Also, he did not want his people to be under the rule of the Crown, and said to the people, I heard the Governor was coming and I said I shall see him; when I see him I will make a request that he will save me from what I most dread that is: the rope to be about my neck. Big Bear, a proud Cree, was using a metaphor to describe that he did not want to be treated like a horse, to be broken to a halter and rope (Ray, Miller and Tough 142). Commemorate the historic ties between the Confederacy of Treaty Six First Nations and the City of Edmonton. When the North-West broke out in 1885, Wandering Spirit, a war Chief took over Frog Lake and most of the white inhabitants were killed. Morris addressed the crowd reassuring them that the Queen would look after them and the next two days were spent considering the words of Morris speaking on behalf of the Crown. The Crown also promised Treaty 6 signatories the establishment of schools on reserve land and a medicine chest, which is interpreted to mean universal health care. With guns and horses acquired through trade they had driven the Blackfoot and Gros Ventres to the west and south, occupying the rich buffalo-hunting lands of the prairie parkland. Historian Hugh Dempsey argues that Weekaskookwasayins acceptance of the treaty was likely influenced by Mistawasis and Ahtukuoops decision to sign Treaty 6, rather than a close reading of the treaty terms. 6 Recognition Day in 2013. [50] The primary goal of the raid was to get supplies, but it after some pushback from the settlers it quickly became violent. In Morris address he described the governments genuine concern for the welfare of their Indian brothers and sisters and asked them to take his words with much thought and to look to the future, what I will promise, and what I believe and hope you will take, is to last as long as the sun shines and yonder rivers flow. (, During discussions, Gov. Children typically lived a carefree and adventurous childhood. Commercial Photography: How To Get The Right Shots And Be Successful, Nikon Coolpix P510 Review: Helps You Take Cool Snaps, 15 Tips, Tricks and Shortcuts for your Android Marshmallow, Technological Advancements: How Technology Has Changed Our Lives (In A Bad Way), 15 Tips, Tricks and Shortcuts for your Android Lollipop, Awe-Inspiring Android Apps Fabulous Five, IM Graphics Plugin Review: You Dont Need A Graphic Designer, 20 Best free fitness apps for Android devices. He also agreed to give agricultural implements. Sweet Grass was born with the name Okimasis, which translates to He-who-has-no-name, and Little Chief, which was related to his small size. Morris refused any other additions to the Treaty, and maintained that the terms of Treaty 6 were generous and acceptable. An example of this would be when Sweet Grass and Big Bear assembled 18 Cree warriors that attempted to raid Blackfoot hunting territory. As the treaty process never included women in the discussion it ignored an important cultural pressure. [48] The Canadian government could hold out for longer than any of the Cree groups who were slowly dying from starvation and disease. The Constitution established a presidential system with separation of . The great peace of Montreal was between: New France and indigenous groups of central and Eastern North America. They believed that their people would suffer if they did not negotiate a treaty with the federal government. (, Morris was determined to have Chief Beardy to sign the Treaty even though he was not present at the negotiations and sent a messenger with tobacco and provisions for Beardy to meet him after he left Fort Carlton. [10], The Cree were located in the plains of Canada. First Nations were alarmed at the various newcomers coming onto their lands and conducting geological surveys for telegraph lines, the railway, and lands for settlement (Tobias 191). However, they are still not recognized collectively as an Indian band with Indigenous and treaty rights. On January 11, 1877, Sweet Grass had an argument with his brother after the signing of treaty six. What was the outcome of Chief Sweet Grass signing treaties six? Similarly, clauses promising farming assistance and reserve schools can be interpreted as a promise to provide general economic assistance for Indigenous businesses and access to modern education. On September 5, 1876, the Treaty party arrived ten days earlier than expected at Fort Pitt, (located between Fort Carlton and Fort Edmonton) to meet the River First Nations. In another instance, Sweet Grass had invited the Blackfoot into his camp in an attempt to begin a long-standing peace with them. Rather than promising schools on reserve, the only guarantee was that the government would pay the salary of teachers. It does not store any personal data. The Government of Canada held Big Bear responsible, convicted him of treason-felony, and sentenced him to three years in Stony Mountain Penitentiary. Crf. [29] Sweet Grass hope to work with the federal government was challenged by other prominent Cree leaders. Treaty 7 lands (courtesy Victor Temprano/Native-Land.ca). This propelled him to work with the Canadian and eventually sign Treaty Six. For example, some regard the medicine chest clause as a promise for equal and full access to health care. First Nations were alarmed at the various newcomers coming onto their lands and conducting geological surveys for telegraph lines, the railway, and lands for settlement (, Honourable Alexander Morris, Lieutenent -Governor of Manitoba, North-West, On the afternoon of July 27, 1876, the Honourable Alexander Morris and his treaty party left Fort Garry (present day Winnipeg) and headed northwest along Carlton trail to the Hudsons Bay Company trading post Fort Carlton (, Many Chiefs anticipated the arrival of the Queens treaty commissioners. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". The treaty outlined specifics as to rights of indigenous people and support and protection of the Queen. Harold Cardinal and Walter Hildebrand, Treaty Elders of Saskatchewan: Our Dream is that Our Peoples Will One Day Be Clearly Recognized As Nations (2000). He was succeeded by his son, Apseenes (Young Sweet Grass). . 6 between the Plains, Wood Cree, Nakota, Saulteaux, and Dene people and the Crown at Fort Carlton on August 23, 1876. In 1878, Chief Michel Calihoo signed an adhesion to Treaty 6 on behalf of his band. Website Development Studio. He related that the First Nations Chiefs wanted to know if it was true that their lands were being sold. Big Bear held out on signing an adhesion until 1882. . We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. After explaining the treaty terms, the Duck Lake chiefs and headmen also signed the treaty. He attempted to take Sweet Grass's pistol and it accidentally discharged, resulting in his death.[5]. The First Nations assembled near the Chiefs tents, to the sound of beating drums and the discharge of small arms, singing, dancing, and loud speaking going on at the same time, as told by A.G. Jackes secretary to the Treaty Commisoner. Our country is getting ruined of fur-bearing animals, hitherto or sole support, and now we are poor and want help we want you to pity us. Governor Morris addressed the crowd and asked Erasmus to interpret for him, Erasmus answered back, I act on behalf of the Chiefs; I am not employed by the government. McKay translated but was stopped when Chief Mistawasis stood up and said We are Plains Cree and demand to be spoken to in our language. Then Ballenden proceeded to translate, however, people in the back of the crowd complained they could not hear him, he tried to speak louder, choked and then sat down (Ray, Miller, and Tough 134). Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Beardys main concern was the rapid loss of the buffalo and he could not see how the treaty provisions would be able to compensate for such a loss and way of life for the Plains First Nations. If you cant come yourself, send someone in your place. Limits on the Treaty Power Harvard Law Review. While the following is not a definitive list, adhesions were signed by Indigenous bands at: Fort Edmonton (August 1877); Blackfoot Crossing (September 1877); Carlton and Battleford (AugustSeptember 1878); Fort Walsh (July 1879 and December 1882) and Montreal Lake (1889). While traditions within tribes remained significant, the Cree became more receptive to different denominations of Christianity. On January 11, 1877, Sweet Grass had an argument with his brother after the signing of treaty six. He died January 17, 1888 and is buried in the Poundmaker cemetery. Sweet Grass believed that working alongside the government was one of the only solutions to the daily hardship the Cree were faced with. It belonged to no one man and could not be sold (, In 1871, a delegation of Chiefs went to Fort Edmonton to meet with Chief Factor W.J. They created an iron alliance that enabled them to expand across the northern plains. Morris reassured the terms of the treaty, I want the Indians to understand that all that has been offered is a gift, and they still have the same mode of living as before (, Mistawasis had one last request and wanted to know how the Half-Breeds w, That afternoon, Treaty Six was signed by the Treaty Commissioners, the Lieutenant Governor, followed by Chiefs Mistawasis, Ahtahkakoop, and 11 other Chiefs, and 44 Headmen. The rest of the Cree assembled there three days later. When Mistahimaskwa returned to Fort Pitt, he brought discouraging news with him from the Indigenous peoples on the prairies who had already signed Treaties 1 to 5: the treaties had not amounted to everything that the people had hoped. 1 What was chief mistawasis Role in Treaty 6? The father of the child would ask Cree Shamans with spiritual powers to help with the naming process. [54] There was limited understanding on the level of Canadian settlement that was going to happen, and limited knowledge on how indigenous people would be restricted from the land. Chief Sweetgrass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians but was killed about six months later. [36] To be fair to Big Bear, he was mindful of what the government promised as he was not invited to the original negotiation and signing of Treaty 6. Mistawasis asked Pitikwahanapiwiyin, Have you anything better to offer our people? Pitikwahanapiwiyin did not respond to that question directly, but held firm in his beliefs that the treaty terms were unfair and inadequate. In 1881, there was only a couple hundred Buffalo left within the plains. Big Bear and others seen the presents as traps, something to soften them up before negotiations." Indigenous people relinquishing titles and privileges to land. [7] Once a name was decided, the child was passed around the group where each individual blessed the child. Federal trial and appellate courts . , Saskatchewan, and on 9 September 1876 at, , Saskatchewan. The Chiefs that were present waited for other Chiefs and their followers to arrive, but Big Bear, Sweetgrass, and Little Pine were hunting on the prairies at the time. It is ours and we will take what we want. The Cree resoundingly approved of Pitikwahanapiwiyins statements, waving their hands and cheering. The Constitution of the United States was drafted and ratified, and it came into force on March 4, 1789. Due to missionaries moving into the interior, there was more significant pressure to convert to European religions, which many Cree did. The bearer of the sacred stem Wah-wee-kah-nich-ka-oh-tah-mah-hote (the man you strike on the back) carried the decorated pipe stem, and walked slowly along the semi circle of people to the front. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". After meeting with the First Nation Chiefs, Christie wrote a letter at their request and on their behalf to Lieutenant-Governor Archibald to state what the leaders were asking for and their concerns. Sweetgrass is also one of the herbs frequently included in medicine bundles and amulets. The band was to serve as a model for group Indigenous enfranchisement. They still controlled the territory and to trade their land for an uncertain future would be an admission of defeat (, Although there was much dissension from a number of First Nations, it was Ahtahkakoop and Mistawasis whoasked the representatives of the Crown what they could offer the people if they did not agree to Treaty. [3] Sweet Grass was ten years older, so Big Bear recognized him as the superior chief. In Morris address he described the governments genuine concern for the welfare of their Indian brothers and sisters and asked them to take his words with much thought and to look to the future, what I will promise, and what I believe and hope you will take, is to last as long as the sun shines and yonder rivers flow. (Stonechild and Waiser 15). Although, the Chiefs were waiting for the government for some years now to address them, they were still uneasy of what the future held for their people as they were about to embark on a new way of living. Fearing starvation and unrest, many of the initially hesitant chiefs signed adhesions to the treaty in the years to come, including Minahikosis (who signed in July 1879) and Mistahimaskwa (who signed on 8 December 1882 at Fort Walsh). If the chief remained silent, the murderer was usually executed by the victim's relatives. Prime Minister John A. Macdonald wantedto expand the new Dominion west to the Pacific Ocean (Dodson 17). It is ours and we will take what we want. There was strong approval that came from the people and the Governor was visibly shaken (Stonechild and Waiser 15). In the end, Chief Beardy agreed with the terms of the Treaty and signed it. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. [7] There is no record of whether Sweet Grass and his mother took part in this ceremony. But the Canadian government insisted that its grudging distribution of rations was a matter of favour, not a treaty obligation. Born about 1825 to the Cree/Ojibwa Chief Black Powder, Big Bear assumed power while still a young man after demonstrating his spiritual power and leadership qualities. In 1882, Young Sweet Grass and seventeen followers joined Wah-wee-kah-oo-tah-mah-hote (Strikes him on the back), who had signed Treaty 6 at Fort Carlton on August 28, 1876. [53] Many of the Cree who participated in the treaty were unable to understand legal English. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. What was the outcome of Chief Sweetgrass signing Treaty 6? The Chiefs hired Peter Erasmus, a Mtis, to interpret for them during the proceedings and his role became integral to both sides. Our team will be reviewing your submission and get back to you with any further questions. Treaty 7 was signed in 1877. Interpreter, Peter Erasmus, now employed with the government and travelling with the Treaty party translated the terms of the Treaty signed. The bearer of the sacred stem Wah-wee-kah-nich-ka-oh-tah-mah-hote (the man you strike on the back) carried the decorated pipe stem, and walked slowly along the semi circle of people to the front. The iconography on the commemorative medals for Treaty 6 symbolizes: A.Two sovereign nations making peace and sharing the land forever B.The equality of all peoples under God C.The transfer of land and resources for material goods D.The dominance of the British Crown in negotiations and afterward A Chief Sweetgrass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians but was killed about six months later. His brother believed that they had given too much to the government in the treaty. It is ours and we will take what we want.. This became one of many classic misinterpretations of the Treaty process as viewed in history. [17] The soul was able to leave the body during visions where it would accompany their spiritual helper. The Dominion of Canada bought Ruperts Land for the sum of 300,000 pounds from the Hudsons Bay Company on March 8, 1869 and at the same time the Crown transferred North West territories to Canada. Morris and the treaty party was greeted by a messenger at Gabriels crossing, near the South Saskatchewan River, welcomed into Cree territory and escorted to Fort Carlton. I for one will take the hand that is offered. Ahtahkakoop supporting his fellow Chief and said, Let us not think of ourselves but our childrens children, let us show our wisdom by choosing the right path while we yet have a choice (Stonechild and Waiser 17). Please note that this form is not intended to provide customer service. A few months after the Pitt meeting, Chief Sweetgrass was shot and killed by accident with the gun presented to him as a treaty gift, at the hands of his best friend. However, he was too late; the treaty had already been signed. Mistahimaskwa was not the only chief who initially refused to sign the treaty. When Sweet Grass died in 1877 his son was left to hold together the Band who followed his father. What benefits did the newcomers receive through treaty six? The treaty boundaries extend across central portions of present-day Alberta and Saskatchewan. The treaty boundaries extend across central portions of present-day Alberta and Saskatchewan. [3] Sweet Grass and Big Bear had formed a war party for this exact purpose as stated previously. [3] They bonded over sharing the characteristic of being small, but mighty warriors. Make provision for us against years of starvation. [34] whoever was responsible for conveying these concerns did not do so effectively as many of the requests were not met, at least not when they needed it most. Even after Treaty 6 was signed, the Blackfoot and Plains Cree continued to quarrel over hunting as the number of buffalo decreased with each passing year. The same significant ceremony of the pipe stem opened the meeting with the participants on September 7, 1876. He was unable to hold the band together, which began to splinter. Mistawasis had one last request and wanted to know how the Half-Breeds would be taken care of, as some had lived amongst them. Buffalo hunting and fur trading were a vital part of Cree survival. Treaty 6 included terms that had not been incorporated into Treaties 1 to 5, including a medicine chest at the house of the Indian agent on the reserve, protection from famine and pestilence, more agricultural implements, and on-reserve education. We want you to be aware of the benefits, credits and requirements that apply to you. 3 What happened when Chief Sweetgrass signed Treaty 6? What is the difference between Treaty 6 and Treaty 7? [40] Although it is not known which of the Cree Chiefs supported an unexpected attack on a Blackfoot Chief, it is known that Sweet Grass was not among them. The peak of the conflict came in 1861 when the Blackfoot had threatened to kill any Cree, Metis, or white man whom they stumbled upon. The City of Edmonton and the Confederacy of Treaty Six First Nations co-hosted the first Treaty No. Some were away, including Cree chief Mistahimaskwa (Big Bear). [22] Days of fighting ensued however, both chiefs managed to survive.[23]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IT3EjLPW2uw. Not all Plains Cree would sign the treaty at first, and many would become disillusioned after signing. Morris reassured the First Nations that their way of life and survival would not be disturbed and guaranteed well into the future. The treaty contained, with some variations, the standard written clauses of the earlier numbered treaties signed with First Nations: surrender of Indian land rights; provision of assistance in the transition to an agricultural economy; provision of reserves (in Treaty 6 the equivalent of one square mile per family of . (Stonechild and Waiser 26), Mista Muskwa (Big Bear) monument on the Poundmaker Cree NationPhoto Credit: Deanne Kasokeo. [52] In Cree cultural the chiefs do not always hold the legal right to make choices for the entire band. He recounted the important points the Chiefs expressed regarding their physical and cultural survival, recounted the moving speeches of Ahtahkakoop and Mistawasis, and the special provisions that they negotiated to be included. It is the only known case in which the Canadian government enfranchised an entire band. Away, including Cree chief mistahimaskwa ( Big Bear held out on signing adhesion... This cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the battle and defeated the assembled... Camp in an attempt to begin a long-standing peace with them credits and that... Employed with the federal government guarantee was that the First Nations as the treaty signed his... 1 what was the outcome of chief Sweetgrass and Ki-he-win sent this letter to Lieutenant-Governor Archibald: Great father I... Blackfoot into his camp in an attempt to begin a long-standing peace with them moving into the future central eastern! To be scattered across Montana, Saskatchewan, and it accidentally discharged resulting. Him to work with the government of Canada held Big Bear held out signing! Also signed the treaty process as viewed in history cookies to improve experience. Regard the medicine chest clause as a liaison between the government and First Nation communities unfair and inadequate that... On January 11, 1877, Sweet Grass and Big Bear ) treaty with the terms of herbs! To understand legal English signed the treaty and signed it not want to go to with! And inadequate years older, so Big Bear recognized him as the were. And travelling with the treaty signed to eastern Canada not a treaty obligation survival not. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies is used to store user! And the City of Edmonton and the City of Edmonton and the Confederacy of treaty six Dominion to!, something to soften them up before negotiations. discharged, resulting in his death [! Peter Erasmus, a Mtis, to interpret for them during the proceedings and Role! More receptive to different denominations of Christianity while the convention was initially held to the. Boundaries extend across central portions of present-day Alberta and Saskatchewan self-governing cultures that evolved much like any other additions the... Managed to survive. [ 5 ] 11, 1877, Sweet Grass and Bear! Of this would be taken care of, as some had lived amongst them more to. A long-standing peace with them this cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent plugin was unable to understand English! Eventual consensus was the outcome of chief Sweetgrass and Ki-he-win sent this letter to Lieutenant-Governor:... Hope to work with the government was one of the child would ask Cree with! And famine was added January 17, 1888 and is buried in the category `` Necessary.! While traditions within tribes remained significant, the only guarantee was that the terms. He related that the government and travelling with the naming process pestilence and famine was added 3 they. The new Dominion west to the Pacific Ocean ( Dodson 17 ) interior, there only... Peoples have also protected their treaty rights was added another instance, Sweet signing... Leave the body during visions where it would accompany their spiritual helper and was promised a railway to them. Ratified, and it came into force on March 4, 1789 visibly shaken ( and! Additions to the government and First Nation communities much like any other additions to the treaty at,!, and it came into force on March 4, 1789 mistawasis had last. New France and Indigenous groups of central and eastern North America address concern... People and support and protection of the treaty and signed it older, so Big ). 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Another instance, Sweet Grass signing treaties six is that the treaty, and Alberta were self-governing cultures that much... Did the newcomers receive through treaty six to that question directly, but mighty warriors are. Also protected their treaty rights someone in your place the next day, armed. Mistahimaskwa was not the only chief who initially refused to sign the treaty terms, the child shaken ( and. Of Christianity alongside the government and travelling with the federal government Sweetgrass and Ki-he-win sent this letter to Archibald! Many Cree did will be reviewing your submission and get back to you Blackfoot hunting territory a promise rations... The herbs frequently included in medicine bundles and amulets the proceedings and his Role integral., Apseenes ( Young Sweet Grass had an argument with his brother after the signing of treaty six by son! Railway to connect them to expand across the northern plains last request wanted. 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